A crucial link between rhythm & blues and early rock & roll during the 1950s, Hank Ballard & the Midnighters' songs may have been rooted in the high-energy spirituals of gospel, but looked to far earthier inspirations for most of their subject matter. While Ballard’s lascivious lyrics and hard-charging doo wop style were considered too risqué for mainstream radio, songs like “Work with Me Annie” and “Sexy Ways” made them darlings of the so-called “chitlin’ circuit” (entertainment venues that attracted largely African-American audiences). In 1960, Chubby Checker’s cover version of a Ballard B-side, “The Twist,” catapulted to number one on the pop charts, bringing renewed interest in the Midnighters for a time. The acclaim was short-lived, however, and the group disbanded in 1965. In coming decades, Ballard tried launching a solo career and new lineups of the Midnighters with little success, eventually succumbing to throat cancer in 2003.