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Game Theory - Video

By Ben Polak

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Descrizione

(ECON 159) This course is an introduction to game theory and strategic thinking. Ideas such as dominance, backward induction, Nash equilibrium, evolutionary stability, commitment, credibility, asymmetric information, adverse selection, and signaling are discussed and applied to games played in class and to examples drawn from economics, politics, the movies, and elsewhere. This course was recorded in Fall 2007.

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1 Video01 - Introduction: five first lessons We introduce Game Theory by playing a game. We organize the game into players, their strategies, and their goals or payoffs; and we learn that we should decide what our goals are before we make choices. With some plausible payoffs, our game is a ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

2 Video02 - Putting yourselves into other people's shoes At the start of the lecture, we introduce the "formal ingredients" of a game: the players, their strategies and their payoffs. Then we return to the main lessons from last time: not playing a dominated strategy; and putting ourselves into others' shoes... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

3 Video03 - Iterative deletion and the median-voter theorem We apply the main idea from last time, iterative deletion of dominated strategies, to analyze an election where candidates can choose their policy positions. We then consider how good is this classic model as a description of the real political ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

4 Video04 - Best responses in soccer and business partnerships We continue the idea (from last time) of playing a best response to what we believe others will do. More particularly, we develop the idea that you should not play a strategy that is not a best response for any belief about others' choices. We use this... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

5 Video05 - Nash equilibrium: bad fashion and bank runs We first define formally the new concept from last time: Nash equilibrium. Then we discuss why we might be interested in Nash equilibrium and how we might find Nash equilibrium in various games. As an example, we play a class investment game to... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

6 Video06 - Nash equilibrium: dating and Cournot We apply the notion of Nash Equilibrium, first, to some more coordination games; in particular, the Battle of the Sexes. Then we analyze the classic Cournot model of imperfect competition between firms. We consider the difficulties in colluding in such... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

7 Video07 - Nash equilibrium: shopping, standing and voting on a line We first consider the alternative "Bertrand" model of imperfect competition between two firms in which the firms set prices rather than setting quantities. Then we consider a richer model in which firms still set prices but in which the goods they ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

8 Video08 - Nash equilibrium: location, segregation and randomization We first complete our discussion of the candidate-voter model showing, in particular, that, in equilibrium, two candidates cannot be too far apart. Then we play and analyze Schelling's location game. We discuss how segregation can occur in society ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

9 Video09 - Mixed strategies in theory and tennis We continue our discussion of mixed strategies. First we discuss the payoff to a mixed strategy, pointing out that it must be a weighed average of the payoffs to the pure strategies used in the mix. We note a consequence of this: if a mixed strategy ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

10 Video10 - Mixed strategies in baseball, dating and paying your taxes We develop three different interpretations of mixed strategies in various contexts: sport, anti-terrorism strategy, dating, paying taxes and auditing taxpayers. One interpretation is that people literally randomize over their choices. Another is that... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

11 Video11 - Evolutionary stability: cooperation, mutation, and equilibrium We discuss evolution and game theory, and introduce the concept of evolutionary stability. We ask what kinds of strategies are evolutionarily stable, and how this idea from biology relates to concepts from economics like domination and Nash ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

12 Video12 - Evolutionary stability: social convention, aggression, and cycles We apply the idea of evolutionary stability to consider the evolution of social conventions. Then we consider games that involve aggressive (Hawk) and passive (Dove) strategies, finding that sometimes, evolutionary populations are mixed. We discuss ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

13 Video13 - Sequential games: moral hazard, incentives, and hungry lions We consider games in which players move sequentially rather than simultaneously, starting with a game involving a borrower and a lender. We analyze the game using "backward induction." The game features moral hazard: the borrower will not repay ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

14 Video14 - Backward induction: commitment, spies, and first-mover advantages We first apply our big idea – backward induction – to analyze quantity competition between firms when play is sequential, the Stackelberg model. We do this twice: first using intuition and then using calculus. We learn that this game has a first-move 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

15 Video15 - Backward induction: chess, strategies, and credible threats We first discuss Zermelo's theorem: that games like tic-tac-toe or chess have a solution. That is, either there is a way for player 1 to force a win, or there is a way for player 1 to force a tie, or there is a way for player 2 to force a win. The ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

16 Video16 - Backward induction: reputation and duels In the first half of the lecture, we consider the chain-store paradox. We discuss how to build the idea of reputation into game theory; in particular, in setting like this where a threat or promise would otherwise not be credible. The key idea is that... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

17 Video17 - Backward induction: ultimatums and bargaining We develop a simple model of bargaining, starting from an ultimatum game (one person makes the other a take it or leave it offer), and building up to alternating offer bargaining (where players can make counter-offers). On the way, we introduce ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

18 Video18 - Imperfect information: information sets and sub-game perfection We consider games that have both simultaneous and sequential components, combining ideas from before and after the midterm. We represent what a player does not know within a game using an information set: a collection of nodes among which the player ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

19 Video19 - Subgame perfect equilibrium: matchmaking and strategic investments We analyze three games using our new solution concept, subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE). The first game involves players' trusting that others will not make mistakes. It has three Nash equilibria but only one is consistent with backward induction. 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

20 Video20 - Subgame perfect equilibrium: wars of attrition We first play and then analyze wars of attrition; the games that afflict trench warfare, strikes, and businesses in some competitive settings. We find long and damaging fights can occur in class in these games even when the prizes are small in ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

21 Video21 - Repeated games: cooperation vs. the end game We discuss repeated games, aiming to unpack the intuition that the promise of rewards and the threat of punishment in the future of a relationship can provide incentives for good behavior today. In class, we play prisoners' dilemma twice and three ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

22 Video22 - Repeated games: cheating, punishment, and outsourcing In business or personal relationships, promises and threats of good and bad behavior tomorrow may provide good incentives for good behavior today, but, to work, these promises and threats must be credible. In particular, they must come from ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

23 Video23 - Asymmetric information: silence, signaling and suffering education We look at two settings with asymmetric information; one side of a game knows something that the other side does not. We should always interpret attempts to communicate or signal such information taking into account the incentives of the person doing ... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

24 Video24 - Asymmetric information: auctions and the winner's curse We discuss auctions. We first distinguish two extremes: common values and private values. We hold a common value auction in class and discover the winner's curse, the winner tends to overpay. We discuss why this occurs and how to avoid it: you should... 9/10/2009 Gratis Vedi in iTunes

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Categoria: Economia
Lingua: Inglese

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